Simple molecular motion

All matter consist of molecules in constant motion at normal temps
Colder matter molecules are at a slower rate of motion
Warmer matter molecules are at a faster rate of motion

Heat Exchange when fast moving particles (warm) come in contact with slow moving particles (cold), the fast molecules slow down and the slow molecules speed up

Heat always flows from hot to cold   (Second law of thermodynamics)

Does heat rise?
    Hot air rises not heat

Why is there more insulation in the attic than in the walls?
        Because it's easier not necessarily more efficient.

Heat transfers by:

Conduction:  The heat flow through metal

Convection:  Heat flow by forced air.

Radiation:  Rays of the sun.  Radiation doesn't heat the air, it only heats objects.

5 Requirements for comfort

Temperature     Measurement of the intensity of heat.
Humidity    is the amount of moisture in the air.  Affects the evaporation rate.
Circulation    is the movement of air.  Helps control temperature stratification.
Filtration     is the process of removing particles and contaminates from the air.
Ventilation    the process of introducing fresh air into a building.

Air conditioning is for comfort or process control.

Heating sources add heat.

Combustion
Electric
Alternate
    Passive Solar - No mechanical means
    Active Solar - Use mechanical components such as pumps
    Wind - Generates electricity
    Geothermal - Used for heat

A distribution system transfers or removes heat from the generation plant to the desired location.

Heat is measured in BTU (British Thermal Unit) which is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water 1 degree F.  In the metric system,  kcal  is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1C.  One kcal equals 4.19 kJ.

Ton of Cooling equals the amount of heat required to melt a ton of ice over a 24 hour period.  One ton of cooling equals 288,000 btu per 24 hour period or 12,000 BTU /hr.

Evaporation is the process that occurs when a liquid changes to a vapor by absorbing heat

Relative humidity is the amount of moisture in air compared to the amount of moisture the air would hold at the same temperature if it were saturated.

AS A BUILDER, YOU CAN AFFECT THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY USED BY A BUILDING

R Value is the amount of resistances to heat

R11 vs R13 - which is better?
        R 13 - bigger is better

Made from:    Glass pebbles, glass pellets and coloring melted and spun into fiber
Fire:    Non-combustible; however, facing (craft paper) will burn.
Moisture resistant:    Yes, but loses some R because air is displaced by water.  Use vapor barrier
Shrinkage:    Settles over a period of time.  Blown settles very little if installed correctly.  Batts do not settle.
Vermin resistant:    Yes, but good for nesting.
Uses:    Blown ceiling, batts for walls and floors.  Rigid boards available for roof decks and ceiling tile.
        1,000 degrees melting point

Similar thermal characteristics to Regular fiber glass.
Advantages:  Contains no Formaldehyde, Not Itchy to installers
Manufacture:  Johns Manville
Color:   white

Made from:    Old newspaper, wood flakes and boric acid, or ammonium sulphate.  Boric acid is the best (sulfuric acid).
Fire:    If chemicals are added properly, it can be fire resistant.  U.L. approved for fire only, not insulation rating.  Has had a history of fire problems.
Toxic:    No.
Moisture resistant:    Absorbs moisture and will mat down if not properly treated.
Shrinkage:    Some settlement in wall cavities.
Vermin resistant:    Okay if treated properly.  Good for making nests.
Uses:    Blown in ceiling is best use.  Walls and floors.
Other properties:    Chemical can leach out by attic heat if properly treated.
Potenial problems,  amonia sulfate and water makes sulfuric acid.
            Corrodes nails and truss gusset plates.  Florida school collapse 32 children killed

Made from:    Silicious rock expanded, heat and pressure explodes it into crystals.
Fire:    Non-combustible.
Shrinkage:    None.
Vermin resistant:    No.
Uses:    Pouring type of insulation, ceiling, cavities of blocks.

Made from:    Urea Formaldehyde, nitrogen.  Urea and formaldehyde combine with a catalyst and forced out of a nozzle under pressure.  Looks like set up soap suds or shaving lather; shrinks on curing – slower, less shrinkage.
Brand Names:    Rapco Foam, Aerolite Foam, Dyna Foam, Insulspray.
Fire:    Does not support combustion, shrivels and chars rather than burns – no flame spread.
Toxic:    Has been shown to give off carcinogenic fumes.  Higher rate of cancer in people who live in U.F. foamed homes.
Moisture resistant:    To an extent.
Shrinkage:    Yes.  1.8 to 3% if done by approved company, can be more if not installed properly – up to 10% (1% shrinkage = 4% R-value).
Curing time:    2 hours for resilient stage and complete cure in 30 days.  4 pints of water per wall cavity released during drying process.  Recommended 2 weeks before covering.
Vermin resistant:    Yes
Uses:    Around pipes, in openings as small as ½”; therefore, good for older homes behind brick cavities.  Boats, laminations.
Potential Problems:    Some studies have shown evaporation of U.F. foam after several years, probably due to improper installation.

Made from:    Polyurethane – (plastic-petroleum product)
Fire:    Decomposes in sunlight and at 450 degrees F.  Ignition at 600 to 700 degrees F – rapid flame spread.  Protect by providing sheetrock or sprinkling system.
Toxic:    Yes.  Carbon Monoxide, hydrogen chloride and phosphate, isocyanide gas is given off in fire – deadly.
Moisture resistant:    Not absolutely, need to use vapor barrier.
Shrinkage:    No
Vermin resistant:    Yes.
Uses:   Metal doors – for cavities and laminations, rigid sheet for roof deck.  Use latex base glues or petroleum base glue will dissolve Urethane – can burst closed cavities.

Made from:    Cousin of Urethane – made with fluorocarbon gasses that increase R –value.
Fluorocarbon is infiltrated by air weakening thermal resistance, therefore foil coverings on both sides.  Retains 80% of R-value (edges weaker)    (R 8 – 20% = R 6.4).
Brand Names:  Owens Cornering Hi-R Sheathing, Thermax, Thermal Guard, etc.
Edges sometimes taped to avoid out gassing

Made from:    Expanded polystyrene (molded). Bead Board  -  Steam to make it.
Fire:    Will burn.
Toxic:    Yes – not harmful.
Moisture resistant:    Has twice the perm rate as extruded polystyrene.  Will absorb moisture.
Shrinkage:    No.
Vermin resistant:    Yes.
Uses:    Less R, ½ density, ½ strength of extruded polystyrene.  Sandwiched in concrete and masonry walls.

Made from:    Polystyrene extruded.  Sprayed from a nosel.
Fire:    Will burn – contains a fire retarder for small open flames.
Toxic:    Yes – but not very harmful.
Moisture resistant:    Yes, the best.  No cells to absorb moisture.  Can withstand freeze thaw cycles.  2% perm rate.
Shrinkage:    No.
Vermin resistant:    Yes.
Uses:    Good to use below grade, use for slab on grade, insulation on outside of frame members.  T & G seals edges.  Sandwich between concrete and masonry walls.  Use latex base glues, petroleum-glues dissolve it.
Note:    All rigid foam boards in any habitable space, must be covered by ½” drywall or equivalent for fire protection.

Made from:    Cardboard with foil.
Fire:    No.
Toxic:    No.
Moisture resistant:    Partially because of foil face.
Shrinkage:    None.
Uses:    Sheathing – can be storm bracing.
Brand Names:    Thermoply, Thermopar, Denny Board.

Vapor Barrier
    Why does moisture condense on a cold drink ?

Perm rating, less than 1 is a vapor barrier.   Perm rating is permability.

    Park City House
    Vapor barrier paint.
    Exterior oil based paint acts as a vapor barrier
    15 LB asphalt building paper is perforated.  Therefore it is not a vapor barrier.