Lecture 1 - Introduction
INTRODUCTION
1.0
Opening Prayer by Invitation
2.0 Introduce self
Announce Elder Peterson’s participation
Review class requirements
In Class Responsibilities
Out of class responsibilities
Exams
The Assignment Log and each person’s responsibilities
3.0 I class discussion -- That is what this class is about!!
We may discus anything that has been a part of the
reading to date -- We will probably "follow the Spirit" in that regard
4.0 Explain handout material
Significant real life experience with Ethical Principals
Copyright Laws!!!
5.0 Truth about Lies Video -- Another, very typical engineering ethical situation
Counter Approx Time
000 Header 026
026 Introduction 240 13 min *
240 Group Discussion 400 10 min
400 Space Shuttle 570 10 min *
570 Watergate 680 7 min
680 Vietnam 780 12 min
780 Whistleblowing, Summary 5 min *
Imagine yourself as a Thiokol Engineer
6.0 Truth about Lies Discussion
People that tell the truth subscribe to higher ideals
Choose are you on the inside or on the outside - does it make a difference?
No one wants to be a whistle blower, Whistle blowers get into trouble
Is it permissible to lie to foreign adversary, but not political adversary (Ollie North)?
Once you have told a lie you continue
Chose to deceive public on what it would take to fight the war
Rejected Macnamara’s advise to come clean
If you deceive yourself - you do not know you are lying
If you lie - you cannot reestablish trust
The truth about lies
9:58
Bill Moyers -
Trusted People Lie Are we addicted to lies?
Withholding information is lying
Lying doesn’t come easy, but if a life is at stake - ???
The Good Lie Lie to reassure?
Lie to Protect?
Vital Lie Story to protect from a painful truth
Story a family lives by - We need in order to live
Need to feel we belong to a secure family
Bay of Pigs - Wanted it to be true - Actually knew better
Space Shuttle
1986 - Disaster, not an accident, could have been stopped
Roger Bogilejoy knew - wrote a memo
Memo to Lund
Engineering management was convinced no to launch
NASA was under pressure to launch - George Hardy NASA Engineer said was OK
Thiokol Conference Call - Put pressure on to let them launch, Management
let them
10:30
People that tell the truth subscribe to higher ideals
Watergate
Choose are you on the inside or on the outside
No one wants to be a whistle blower
Permissible to lie to foreign advisory, but not political adversary?
Once you have told a lie you continue
10:40
Vietnam War
Johnson wanted to change the face of American society
Chose to deceive public on what it would take to fight the war
Rejected Macnamara’s advise to come clean
If you deceive yourself - you do not know you are lying
What have we learned
If you lie - you cannot reestablish trust
Whistle blowers get into trouble
There is a loyalty within a peer group
10:53 - end
Lecture 2 – LDS Theology
LDS Theology
1.0 Opening Prayer by Invitation
2.0 Discuss Truth About Lies
What are your thoughts about the Challenger incident
Did you learn anything new
Did the Engineers behave ethically?
Did the Managers behave ethically?
3.0 Conference Sermons - Did anyone get a message applicable to our class
4.0 LDS Theology - WHY BYU??
A. BYU Mission Statement
B. BYU Rankings
C.E. (Doctoral Granting ) 57th
BYU - Best Buy
Moral Conduct of Students - Would hope 1st
Sandia Lab Employee Evaluation - BYU Students 1st
Why -- LDS Theology
Mission Experience
Incorporation of Moral Behavior within work
C. Elder (President) Hollands Address - A School in Zion
4 reasons -
1. It is our Theology Study and Learning
pg. 31 - See D&C 55:4, 88:78- 79,88:118, 90:15
2. It is needed as a gathering place for knowledge
3. Educated, Spiritual and wise people to sort, sift, prioritize, integrate and give some sense of wholeness, some sprit of connectedness to great eternal truths.
Comments on page 37, pg. 40, pg. 41, 43
4. Bless the whole church - (Education Week)
5. President Bateman’s Address – Pre School Conference
5.0 Aims of a BYU Education
Lecture 3 – LDS Theology
LDS Theology - Articles by Elder Nelson, Haight, Brother Funk
thirteenth article of faith
We believe in being honest, true chaste, benevolent, virtuous, and doing good to all men...
Elder Haight
Ethics and Honesty
1. Country founded on belief that and desire to live in a society of justice for all.
2. Article of faith - we believe in being Honest, true chaste ...part of ethics is doing good to all men
3. Country is in a time of moral decay - your generation Ethical Awakening!!
Conference on Families - 1995 Seattle
BYU faculty - Defined as delinquency as using drugs, truancy, smoking
others took them to task - who are you to define delinquency as ..
I did that and look at me now !!
4. Reason for decline - defining good and evil as adjustable (see above)
5. "Continued survival of free and open society is dependent upon high values"
6. "Time to rededicate our lived to eternal ideals and values"
Elder Nelson
1. Elder Nelson’s Model - Tethered by chords of Honesty, true chase
2. Model points out if one of the chords breaks - the others are put under heavier stress
3. Tempted to lie just a little
4. Brigham Young’s Statement
5. If any of chords are weak - strengthen them (i.e. the reality model)
6. Self assessment - see questions -- Karl Maesers statement
7. Integrity of every team member is important
8. Brigham Young’s Statement on business transactions
Brother Funk – The Business of Honesty
Lecture 4 Christ’s Ideals for Living: Opportunity/Wealth/Purity
1.0 Opening Prayer by Invitation
2.0 Consider 1st paper assignment - coming up
Paper #1 - Title: When does the End Justify the Means?
Consider this topic very thoughtfully. After all papers are submitted, we will discuss his topic in class. Do the Ends ever justify the Means? Reflect on the case studies we have viewed in class. Consider Nephi’s experience with Laban in 1 Nephi.
3.0 Christ’s Ideals for Living - Background
Ideal - Gospel Standard - that which inspires and directs
Each topic is organized to combine the wisdom of ancient with modern and applying these truths to our present life situation
1. Introduces the Ideal - (i.e. the gospel standard)
2. The Ideal from Scripture
3. The Ideal for Christ’s Life
4. The Ideal in our Life
5. The Ideal in Quotations from Church Leaders
We will now spend some time in considering Ideals -- that is Gospel Standards - to form a foundation for making ethical decisions
4.0 Opportunity
A. Dante Gabriel Rossetti Story - Youth -time our potential is greatest
B. "...the only way to know real joy and permanent satisfaction is to fail in reaching something that is beyond us rather than succeed in doing something that lies within our reach ..."
C. We cannot find truth without hard work, patient and sincere work in the form of study, over a long period of time.
D. Opportunity summarized:
Youth is the time of opportunity, it takes time and hard work to find truth, Our Ethical basis (i.e. our ideals for living should be formulated at this point in our career)
Wealth
A. How many were attracted to engineering because of the potential financial security?
B. Wealth can bless the owner, his loved ones, the world around however the goal of life is not to make money - but character
C. Who has done more for this world?
Carnegie or Lincoln
John Huntsman as an example
D. Hazards of Wealth
loss of sympathy for the poor
Obtaining wealth becomes our master -- ethical problem
Comparison of scientist and industrialist
6.0 Purity - Definition - freedom from improper motive
Considered with three thoughts:
1- Peace of mind - a clear conscience
2 - happiness of others - consequences of his mistakes and sins always run over the bounds of his own life to hurt others, especially those most loved - family many sad examples of families hurt from breadwinners impurity
our wrongdoing always hurt another, sometimes far more than we ourselves are hurt
3 - freedom - "It is so much easier to keep character than recover it when it is lost. Recovering lost character and lost reputation is a terrific struggle. -- Is it ever regained?
Lecture 5 Integrity/Truth/Humility
1.0 Opening Prayer by Invitation
2.0 Integrity - Definition - A state or quality of being complete, undivided, or unbroken; moral soundness, honesty, uprightness
1- Poem - Within my earthly temple there’s a crowd
(How true) Integrity is integral - one
2- "We do need men who have no price
Eli Herring - Example of this - A soul who is not for sale
3 - Accountant story - sleep at night
3.0 Truth - Definitions -
The truth is the actual situation, the fact, the state of affairs, whatever is the case
Truth is knowledge of things as they are, and as they were, and as the are to come.
Truth is the correspondence of an idea in the mind with a fact of the world outside the mind. When these two correspond, the idea and the external fact, we say that the idea is true
Our Perceptions may not be truth -- may get us into trouble!!!
Holy Ghost confirms truth not restricted to matters of the gospel-- use in at home and work as well
"Often we allow wish-thinking to take the place of realistic thought (Recall the Challenger incident on "The Truth about Lies"
"A man will say almost anything, give reasons and excuses to infinite before he will say ‘I was wrong’ - ‘I was in error’
Is it OK to be wrong in your professional career and admit it-- you bet!
Professor W.P Montague example -
Truth is discovered from three different sources
1- sense experience
2 - intellect
3 - intuition or inspiration
Bowen’s statement
just because it is written - not necessarily true
Prophet Joseph Smith
We believe all truth
4.0 Humility - Self Regard
At opposition to one another ??
Humility - Freedom from pride and arrogance
Self-regard - Thesaurus - conceit, self-love, arrogance, egotism, pride, self-esteem, self respect,
Self-regard - live to respect ourselves (for our purposes, the higher definition)
Red Flags to watch for!! - my vocation 2 Nephi 9:28-29
A Blessing - D&C 112:10, also 1:28 - use it in you school work and profession
Humility Pg. 55 * -- "The test of Humility, however, comes when a man is making a great success" Discuss this !!! - One of the great things we learn from the Bof M
(Al Narrith - A prime probably negative example)
Humility pg. 56 * -- Continued Council from Elder Peterson - Do not get ahead of other people - get ahead of ourselves
Live to:
Avoid condemnation of others win approval of others with a deep respect of ourselves
Within the law ethical life moral life
pg. 186 avoid prosecution of the law win approval of others win approval of ourselves
Telestial Terrestrial Celestial
Lets consider some examples:
Homework, Highway Driving ... Do you have some ???
Poem by Edgar A Guest -- Pg. 191
Lecture 6 Codes of Ethics
1.0 Opening Prayer by Invitation
Extra Stuff --
A - New Copyright judgement - very good news for us!!!
B- Ends/Means story (as related 2nd hand by Br. Terry)
The Dutch underground got word that the Germans (WWII) were bringing in a shipment of heavy water (Material needed for nuclear technology). It was shortly discoverd that it would come in on a passenger liner that would have numerous Dutch citizens on board. Any notificitation of these passengers would run the risk of notifying the Germans that something is up. Should the underground torpedo and sink the liner or not.
(Sound familiar to the "boy on the tracks" story?)
C - Another example - Book of Virtues (good reading) Ethical Loyalty by Richard Gabriel Read it if appropriate
2.0 Introduction to ASCE CODE of ETHICS- define some terms
Ethics - the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation
Code - a systematic statement of a body of law - a system of principles or rules -
Principles -- (beliefs) A comprehensive and fundamental law, doctrine or assumption, A rule or code of conduct
BROAD VIEW
Cannons -- (standards) an accepted principle or rule, a body of principles, rules, standards, or norms
MORE SPECIFIC
Guidelines -- (exact method) an indication or outline of policy or conduct
DETAILED
(Code stated it was unprofessional to invite or submit priced proposals under conditions that constitute price competition for professional services)
Membership is so important that defendants are vigorous in their appeals of their issues
5.0 Show and review the Principles, Cannons, and guidelines
Lecture 7 Self Regard/Magnanimity/Tolerance
1.0 Opening Prayer by Invitation
2.0
Lets talk about the next paper -- Personal Application Paper Three topics to abide by for 3 weeks
What are some topics you can apply?
Any of the Ideals - Opportunity, wealth, purity, integrity, truth, humility, self- regard, Magnanimity, tolerance, forgiveness, balance, service, courage, friendship, trust, endurance, loyalty,
Council given by Elder Scott, Ensign Articles by Elders Haight, Nelson
ASCE Code of Ethics
3.0 Magnanimity - a loftiness of spirit enabling one to bear trouble calmly, to disdain meanness and revenge.
Author says -- This may be a show stopper -- it is a tough one
Christ is the perfect example here
Can ruin you life!! - BYU Music Professor that bombed a swindler’s home -- tragic
Again - Comparison to others - common thread pg. 330
Examples of pg. 331, Robert E. Lee on 331/332
D. Story of W.W. Phelps - As told by Elder Holland (with added remarks from S. Black)
In the early years of the Church, the Prophet Joseph Smith had no more faithful aide the William wines Phelps. Brother Phelps, a former newspaper editor, had joined the Church in Kirtland and was of such assistance to those early leaders that they sent him as one of the first Latter-day Saints to the new Jerusalem -- Jackson County, Missouri. There he was called by the Lord to the stake presidency of that "center stake of Zion."
But then troubles developed. First they were largely ecclesiastical aberrations but later there were financial improprieties. Things became so serious that the Lord revealed to Joseph Smith that if Brother Phelps did not repent, he would be "removed out of his place." He did not repent and was excommunicated on March 10, 1838.
The Prophet Joseph and others immediately tried to love W.W. Phelps back into the fold, but he would nave nothing of it. Then in the fall of that violent year, Brother Phelps, along with others, signed a deadly, damaging affidavit against the Prophet and other leaders of the Church. The result was quite simple that Joseph Smith was sentenced to be publicly executed on the town square in Far West, Missouri, Friday morning, November 2, 1838. Through the monumental courage of General Alexander Doniphan, the Prophet was miraculously spared the execution. W.W. Phelps, and others had precipitated, but he was not spared spending five months--November through April-- in several Missouri prisons, the most noted of which was the pit known ironically as Liberty Jail.
I do not need to recount for you the suffering of the Saints through that period. The anguish of those not captive was in many ways more severe than those imprisoned. The persecutions intensified until the Saints sought yet again to find another refuge from the storm. With Joseph in chains, praying for their safety and giving some direction by letter, they made their way toward Commerce, Illinois, a malaria swamp on the Mississippi River where they would try once more to build the City of Zion. And much of this travail, this torment and heartache, was due to men of their own brotherhood like W.W. Phelps.
But we’re speaking of happy endings. Two very difficult years later, with great anguish and remorse of conscience, William Phelps wrote to Joseph Smith in Nauvoo.
Brother Joseph: I am as the prodigal son...
I have seen the folly of my way, and I tremble at the gulf I have passed.... I ask my old brethren to forgive me, and thought they chasten me to death, yet I will die with them, for their God is my God. The least place with them is enough for me, yea, it is bigger and better that all Babylon...
I know my situation, you know it, and God knows it, and I want to be saved if my friends will help me.... I have done wrong and I am sorry.... I ask forgiveness....I want your fellowship: if you cannot grant that, grant me your peace and friendship, for we are brethren, and our communion used to be sweet.
In and instant the Prophet wrote back. In know of no private document of personal response in the life of Joseph Smith--or anyone else, for that matter--that so powerfully demonstrates the magnificence of his soul. Her is a lesson here for every one of use who claims to be a disciple of Christ. He wrote:
Dear Brother Phelps:
You may in some measure realize what my feelings were, when we read your letter ... We have suffered much in consequence of your behavior--the cup of gall, already full enough for mortals to drink, was indeed filled to overflowing when you turned against us.
However, the cup had been drunk, the will of our Father has been done, and we are yet alive, for which we thank the Lord. And having been delivered from the hands of wicked men by the mercy of our God, we say it is your privilege to be delivered from the posers of the adversary, be brought into the liberty of God’s dear children, and again take your stand among the Saints of the Most High, and by diligence, humility, and love unfeigned, commend yourself to out God, and your God, and to the church of Jesus Christ.
Believing your confession to be real, and you repentance genuine, I shall be happy once again to give you the right hand of fellowship, and rejoice over the returning prodigal.
Come on, dear brother, since the war is past, For friends at first are friends again at last.
Yours as ever, Joseph Smith, Jun.
Four years later it would be W.W. Phelps selected to preach Joseph Smith’s funeral sermon in that terribly tense and emotional circumstance. Furthermore it would be W.W. Phelps who would memorialize the martyred prophet with his hymn of adoration, "Praise to the Man"
4.0 Tolerance - The disposition to tolerate beliefs, practices, or habits differing from one’s own
Lecture 8 Forgiveness/Balance/Service
1.0 Opening Prayer
2.0 Forgiveness - For this class - focus on forgiveness of man by his fellow man
Page 395 - Pastor Martin Niemoller on forgiveness
Angel of Marye’s Hill Example Story of Richard Kirtland – Demonstrated true love for his fellowman
Sergeant Kirtland demonstrates the heights of sublime love and compassion one can give to his fellow man.
3.0 Balance
Quotations from Church leaders
4.0 Service
Service in our Church - Feel comfortable with that
Service to our Profession - Important
Service to our Community - Important
Back to Balance !!!!
Self
Family
Vocation
Church
Einstein -- "It’s high time that the ideal of success should be replaced by the ideal of service."
King Benjamin -- Mosiah -- Management style -- serve with the people you lead
Do service for because it is right -- not for expected reward
Pg. 270 Luke 6:35 ".. do good, and lend, hoping for nothing again ..."
5.0 Shared Values for a Troubled World – Rushworth Kidder
Native American, Afro-American, Japanese, Vietnamese, Canadian, Mozambique, 6 White American, New Zealand, Irish, Australian, France, Bangladesh, China, Shri Lanka, Sweden, Mexican, Great Briton, Costa Rica, Lebanon,
Love, Truthfulness, Fairness, Freedom, Unity, Tolerance, Responsibility, Respect for Life
4. 13th Art. of Faith - Honest, True, Chaste, Benevolent, Doing good to all men
5.1.1 Muhammad Yunus (From Kidder)–
Spoke Here at BYU Last Week (I wish I could have heard him)
Born 1940 illiterate parents in British India
PhD Economics Vanderbilt – Head Economic at Chittagong University
Now the managing director Grameen Bank, Dhaka
1974 Stumbled on a woman making bamboo stools, Ask her of her difficultiesHad no bamboo, forced to borrow money from trader who required her to sell back to him at his set price. "She made only tow pennies for a whole day’s work but she could improve her economic situation if someone would give her the $0.15 to buy bamboo" He loaned her the money, Found 42 other people if given the loans could become financially independent. Total load - $26.00.
Took 9 years of battling buearaucy – now has the concept of microcredit lending. Now operates in 29,000 villages, $40 million in deposits, loans $10 million a month, serves 1.3 million borrowers (92% women) average loan is $75.00, repayment rate of 97 %. (Traditional bankers think he is misrepresenting this figure way too high). Loans are to groups of 4 – the lowest loan being given first and required to pay back before the higher are offered.
LESSON LEARNED: THE POOR ARE TRUSTWORTHY
"A Higher Standard of Leadership" by Keshavan Nair - Here the Lessons of Ghandi are applied to business leadership another example King Benjamin recorded the same instructions over 2,000 years ago
1. Service is the purpose of leadership
2. Moral principles must be the basis of goals, decisions, and strategies
3. A single standard of conduct needs to be employed in both public and private life
From Nair:
Malden Mills – Story of Martin Feuerstein
Malden Mills has a history of taking care of its employees. In the 1950s, when other New England textile manufacturers fled to the South for cheaper labor, Malden Mills stayed. Workers' salaries average $12.50 an hour compared with the textile industry's average of $9.50.
Last December, a fire nearly destroyed the 130-year-old textile company in Lawrence, Mass. Three of its manufacturing factories, which occupy a space the size of a track field, were reduced to charred metal and brick. Feuerstein vowed on the night of the fire to rebuild and to keep on the payroll those workers left jobless by the disaster. He kept his vow.
It has cost $10 million to pay those workers who lost their jobs from the fire - some 1,400 at first - for 90 days plus full health-care benefits. Had he decided to take the insurance money and not rebuild, it would have been very profitable. However Martin said "What kind of an ethic is it that a CEO is prepared to hurt 3,000 people who are his employees [and] an entire city of many more thousands ... in order for him to have a short-term gain," he says. "It's unthinkable." "Fifty years ago," Feuerstein says, "it would have been considered very natural for a CEO, if his plant burned down, to rebuild it and to worry about his people and ... his community and city." Today, he contends, business leaders have lost their allegiance to their workers and communities and remain loyal only to the shareholder - all in the name of short-term profits. "There's some kind of crazy belief that if you discard the responsibility to your country, to your city, to your community, to your workers, and think only of the immediate profit, that somehow not only your company will prosper but the entire economy will prosper as a result," he says, "and I think it's dead wrong."
In just a period of three months after the fire 2 of Malden Mills' 3 divisions were running again at near-full capacity. Also, 80 percent of the firm's 3,200 employees are back at work; and engineers plan to break ground in mid-April for a new manufacturing facility slated to be operating in January 1997..
The investment in his employees has already begun to pay off: The quality and efficiency of production are better today than before the fire, Feuerstein says. For example, in one of the Polartec finishing plants that wasn't destroyed, the plant produced about 130,000 yards of the fabric a week prior to the fire. Today, production is double that. In addition, before the fire, 6 to 7 percent of what was manufactured was off-quality, he says. Now, that number has dropped to 2 percent. "This is a direct result of the goodwill and determination of our people to show their gratitude to Malden Mills," he notes.
Its most well known product is Polartec, a synthetic fleece used to make outerwear a product you may all have seen.
For Feuerstein, a devout Jew, a driving force in his life has been a 2,000-year-old saying from the Jewish tradition that his father taught him. It says, in essence: When everything is moral chaos, try your hardest to be a "mensch," or man of highest principles. Martin Feuerstein is a true example of the Light of Chirst that has invited him to do good and he responded.
Lecture 9 – Guest Speaker
1.0 Opening Prayer by Invitation
2.0 Guest Lecture
Lecture 10 Courage/Friendship/Trust
1.0 Opening Prayer by Invitation
2.0 These three Ideals are mentioned in another context in the "Truth about Lies" Video
Watch the additional segment and consider Courage/Friendship/Trust
Watergate, VietNam
Start at 575 -- Insiders-outsiders - Friends? Trust?
22 minutes
John Dean - The statement was made If he had not been fired, in other words if he had remained in the inner circle, he would have been loyal to the Nixon Administration, remained a Friend.
Lyndon Johnsons closes "friends" were "trusted" -- they provided him what he wanted to know. Is this true friendship?
Was President Johnson’s desire to do the best for the country an ethical decision -- how does it compare to are example of the schoolhouse for underprivileged children?
3.0 Courage
pg. 63 -- High standards are not maintained without high courage to match them
Pg. 70 -- President Joseph F. Smith’s statement
4.0 Friendship
pg. 256 -- to keep friends with yourself
pg. 261 -- To get along with others is more important than technical skill
pg. 262 -- Prophets statement
5.0 Trust
Lecture 11 Endurance/Loyalty
1.0 Opening Prayer by Invitation
2.0 Endurance
"Adversity has an appointment with all of us and she seems never to forget her appointments"
3.0 Loyalty
"The central problem is the decision of selection the objects of our loyalty"
Previous Ideals not yet fully treated back up
Ideals:
Decision Decision
A B
Ethical Space
Lecture 12 Elder Scott Video -
1.0
Opening Prayer by Invitation2.0 Elder Scott’s Video - Discussion
Scientific Method - Ask in Faith Method - Really works
Recall President Batemans Message - Inspiration and help comes to those who need it -- use this blessing in your life for school, vocation as well as church assignments!!
Elder Scott’s Subject -- Maximizing Assured Real Success
Learning and Applying Truth
Three ways to learn -- What you Hear, See and Feel Acquire Truth by Study and Faith
Two Ways to learn - 1st Method - Scientific Method
Limitations - Never sure if we have obtained truth
Sometimes we get the wrong answer
2nd Method - Ask in Faith
Unwavering Faith
Trust in the Lord
Spiritual Knowledge can be gained - takes a great deal of effort
Equations for Success
S = (D*P*W*F*A)/F
D Decide and Dedicate,
P =Plan,
H =Hard
W =Work,
F =Followup
A =Acquired Skills
F =Fear
Assured Real Success - Knowing you are doing all you can do and receiving help from the Lord
S = (D*P*W*F*A)k*P/F
k=Keep the commandments
P = Power of GOD
Inspiration is the core of Creativity
Couple Secular Knowledge with Spiritual Guidance
After Study get an Impression (Power of God in your profession)
Never been ashamed of Personal Principles
Encouraged to work with the Spirit of the Lord in your Studies
IS Technology a Blessing or a curse
Whether it benefits or not depends on the hands of the people who use them
Truths Waiting to be discovered
Lecture 13 Ethical Dilemma Resolution Process
Consider these as useful tools in solving ethical dilemmas. Realize like any scientific theory, it may apply in some cases and not apply in others. It is your responsibility as an Engineer to determine which theory or combination of theories to apply in which situation. A good analogy my be that of a "Soils Engineer". Soils, like ethical problems are hard to characterize, may not fit any prescribed theory, and have numerous components. However, simply theories can be used to guide the ultimate solution.
Acts are morally right when:
They produce the most good for Act-utilitarianism: Mill
most people
They fall under a rule which if widely Rule-utilitarianism: Brant
followed would produce the most good
for the most people
They fall under principles of duty Duty Theory - Kant
which respect the autonomy and
rationality of persons, and which can be
will universally to apply to all people
They fall under principles, which would Duty Theory - Rawls
be agreed upon by all rational agents in a
hypothetical contracting situation that
assures impartiality.
They are the best way to respect the Rights Theory -Locke and Melden
human rights of everyone affected.
They most fully manifest or support Virtue Theory - Aristotle and
relevant virtues, where virtues are traits MacIntyre
of character making possible the
achievement of social goods.
Martin, M.W. and Schinzinger, R., Ethics in Engineering
2.0 Engineering Approach Model; Ron Terry, Val Hawks, Steven Benzley
Step 1: Define the problem or dilemma as much as possible
Step 2: Identify any assumptions that need to be made
Step 3: Identify the fundamental laws, principles, and guiding values that appear to be operating in the dilemma
Step 4: If problem is complex, break it down into solveable parts
Step 5: Apply an algorithm for the solution of the dilemma
Step 5: Make your decision
Step 6: Seek for confirmation of the decision
Step 7: Act out the decision, assess the consequences, and seek continued improvement to your solution
Guiding Values:
Balance, Courage, Endurance, Forgiveness, Friendship, Humility, Integrity, Loyalty, Magnanimity, Opportunity, Purity, Self Regard, Service, Tolerance, Trust, Truth, Wealth
3.0 Professional Engineering Practice Liaison Program; Ronald E. Bucknam, U. Washington,
Step 1: Practice ethical behavior actively including definition of personal worldview and review of core ethical values. The ethical design professional is consistently ethical!
Step 2: Beware of "new ethics" programs - very little of true value is "new"; all of the necessary tools are already at your fingertips
Step 3: Define the ethical problem when it arises - ignoring the problem doesn't make it go away
Step 4: Formulate alternatives - avoid "first impulse" solutions without having extensive ethical awareness training and experience
Step 5: Evaluate the alternatives - are they ethical? Am I the sole beneficiary? How would I feel if the roles or circumstances were reversed?
Step 6: Seek additional assistance, as appropriate - previous cases, peers, reliance on personal experience, prayer
Step 7: Choose best ethical alternative - the one that does the most good for all the right reasons
Step 8: Implement the best alternative - no initiative, no results
Step 9: Monitor and assess the outcome - how to improve the next time
Guiding Values:
Integrity, Honesty(truthfulness, fairness, sincerity), Fidelity(faithfulness to clients, allegiance to the public trust , loyalty, faithfulness to God), Charity (kindness, caring, good will, tolerance, compassion/mercy, adherence to the Golden Rule), Responsibility (reliability/dependability, accountability, trustworthiness), Self-discipline (reasonable restraint, not indulging in excessive behavior)
Lecture 14 Special Guest Speaker
Lecture 15 Ethical Conflicts and Dilemmas
1.0 Opening Prayer by Invitation
2.0 Why good people go wrong.
Many of the Situation Pressures and Opportunities will or have already appeared in your life
As a campus Bishop and as a Father the advise I gave - generally pertaining to moral issues was:
1. Decide now and when it comes time to make a decision, the choice is already made!!!
2. Stay far away from the edge -- don’t go places that may put yourself in jeopardy
This is great advise for ethical situations as well -- review the list given and see
a. What decision can we make now
b. How can we avoid the situation
I. Situational Pressures
A. Personal
B. Organizational
II. Opportunities
III. Character
3.0 Series of Questions - thought provoking
Situational Pressures
A. Personal
Financial Crisis Tax Liability Medical expenses
Home Repairs Loan foreclosure Drug addiction
Auto accident Gambling losses New business start-up
Wedding expenses Spending binge Divorce/Separation
Extra-marital affairs Social Expectations Partnerships
Housing foreclosures Buying on the margin Stock speculation
B. Organizational
Insufficient working capital Tight credit Sales Decline
High debt/high interest Profit squeeze Revoked license
Cash flow shortages Unmarketable securities Heavy competition
Heavy reliance one customer Litigation
Opportunities
Conflict of interest Detection is unlikely Inadequate security
Access to accounts/records Prosecution is unlikely Common practice
Inadequate financial controls Punishment is unlikely No accountability review
Lecture 16 – Importance of Codes of Ethics
1.0 Prepare a potential question that would seem appropriate to you for our 1st exam. -- Hand in to me.
2.0 Continued discussion on Why Good People go Wrong -- II. Opportunities
3.0 Menu of Moral Issues- Discuss the situations
Thinking Like an Engineer-
4.0 New insight on Launch -- State of the Union Address
(Lieutenants though they would do a favor for the old man -- Sound like True and Present Danger?
Another reason why good people go wrong -- the assume what is wanted by an important leader without getting explicit directions
Think like a manager is to focus on people Think like an engineer is to focus on things -- common belief "I want to work with people?
Code of Ethics --
Prescribes how professionals are to pursue their common ideal
Protect professional from certain pressures (i.e. cut corners - like medicine
Protect professional from certain consequences of competition
Profession - Union - contrast these
Cannot depend on pure private conscience -- should take into account what other engineers say
What conscience would tell us to do absent a certain convention is not necessarily what conscience would tell us given that convention
Should we merely weigh safety against the wishes or our employer or instead give safety preference over those wishes
Is safety paramount or is it an important consideration?
1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public...
Public = everyone
public = anyone
Public = innocents?
4 reasons to support code of ethics
Return to our case study -- What is the correct engineering ethical decision?
Lecture 17 The TRUESTEEL Affair
1.0 Opening Prayer by Invitation
Lecture 18 GILBANE GOLD
1.0 Opening Prayer by Invitation
Lecture 19 Guest Speaker
1.0 Opening Prayer by Invitation
Lecture 20 Case Studies Discussions- Current In the News Stuff
1.0 Opening Prayer by Invitation
Lecture 21 – Guest Speaker
1.0 Opening Prayer by Invitation
Lecture 22 Case Study – 59 Story Crises Pt 1
2.0 The 59 Story Crises
Lecture 23 59 Story Crises – Part II
2.0 The 59 Story Crises - Whistle Blowing (Ref. Ethics in Engineering - Martin pp213-228)/ Ethics Model
Lecture 24 Whistleblowing
1.0 Definition:
"Making public accusations concerning misconduct by one’s organization"
Features:
1. Information is conveyed outside approved organizational channels or in situations where the person conveying it is usually under pressure from supervisors or others not to do so.
2. The Information being revealed is new or not fully known to the person or group it is being sent to.
3. The information concerns what the whistle-blower believes is a significant moral problem concerning the organization. Examples or significant problems are criminal behavior, unethical policies, injustices to workers within the organization, and threats to public safety.
4. The information is conveyed intentionally with the aim of drawing attention to the problem
2.0 Moral Guidelines to Whistle-Blowing
Permissible:
1. If the harm that will be done by the product to the public is serious and considerable
2. If they concerns are originally expressed to superiors
3. If no satisfaction is gained from immediate superiors, channels available within the corporation are exhausted - including going to the directors.
Obligated:
4. Have documented evidence that would convince a reasonable, impartial observer that the view of the situation is correct and the company policy is wrong.
5. Strong evidence that making the information
3.0 Classical Cases
1. Ernest Fitagerald and the C-5A (Nov. 13, 1968)
Deputy in Assistant Secretary of the Air Force - reported $2billion in cost overruns to superiors. Was pressured not to discuss extent of overruns to congressional committee -- however told the truth to congress.
Result: Stripped of duties, assigned trivial tasks, shunned by colleagues, bureau restructured to abolish his job. After 4 years, legal fees of $900,000, he was reinstated.
2. Carl Houston and Welding in Nuclear Plants (1970)
Welding supervisor saw that improper welding procedures being used on critical nuclear reactor systems. Reported to Stone and Webster’s local manager - was disgrearded. Threatened to write S&w’s headquarters but was told he would be fired. Was shortly thereafter fired. Wrote several places (AEC - not answered) finally wrote senators Howard Baker and Albert Gore -- Senators prompted the AEC to make investigations which confirmed his allegations.
3. George B Geary and US Steel (1967)
Sales executive, US Steel was about to market a new type of pipe which Geary believed had been insufficiently tested and possible defective. Pipe ruptures could endanger the public. Expressed concern to midlevel management, but was overruled. Obeyed directives to sell pipe, but sent his objections to higher management. Higher management respected his claims, withdrew the product. Shortly thereafter Geary fired for insubordination (going over his manager’s head). US steel tried to block unemployment by arguing that he was guilty of willful misconduct. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review - conduct cannot be deemed willful misconduct.
Probably did favor for company - but suffered fate of whistle blower.
(Probably should have worked closer with immediate supervisor - told them of his plans to tell higher authority)
4. BART Case
Bay Area Rapid Transit was using new technology. Three engineers thought the technology as it was applied was flawed. The identified dangers to management, wrote memos, voiced concerns to employers and colleagues. Directed concerns through channels, but to no avail. Wrote anonymous memo distributed to all levels of management. Memo said new systems engineering department was needed. Memo regarded as suspicious and unprofessional. Later, when authorship was discovered the memo was thought to be self-serving. Three engineers contacted BART board of directors - (departure from approved channels). They also contacted private engineering consultant. One of the directors gave a listening ear but later released private memos to the press. Three engineers then lied to cover up their involvement.
Engineers given hearing before the Board, didn’t convince board of their concerns. Given the option of resigning or being fired. Very damaging for their careers. Impact on BART was minimal. Subsequent studies proved that the safety judgments of the three engineers were indeed sound. They later sued BART -for $875,000. Were awarded $75,000 less 45% lawyers fees. (Probably more to this story)
5- Fifty Nine Story Crises -- Positive Example
6 - Doug Chabries Story - Positive Example
Lecture 25 Public vs Client Responsibilities
1.0 Opening Prayer by Invitation
2.0 Comments on Items yet to be discussed
3.0 Public vs. Client Interests - An Ethical Dilemma for Engineers
Greater Knowledge brings Greater Responsibility - "Engineering today faces increasing disdain, mistrust and fear"
"Perhaps in the forefront oth these nearsighted professionals are the people greatly responsible for today’s technical society, the engineers"
Are Client responsibilities greater that Public responsibilities?
Tendency to promote economy over conscience
Engineer must gain a greater social consciousness
4.0 Ethics in the Field
"Layers of Morals"
Level 1 -
Stage 1 - Not concerned with social or professional responsibilities. Professional conduct is dictated by what it gains for them, not how it would affect the firm, the client-engineer relationship or the profession
Stage 2 - Aware of the concepts of loyalty to the firm, client confidence and proper professional conduct - behavior is motivated by self- advancement
Level 2
Stage 3 - Loyalty to the firm above all other considerations - ignore their jobs’ ramifications on society and the environment
Stage 4 - Loyalty to the profession enhances the firm’s reputation and brings rewards to the engineers. They follow the laws of professional conduct
Level 3
Stage 5 - Driving force is service to society
Stage 6 - Professional conduct is dictated by universal rules of justice, fairness, and caring for fellow humans and the whow of nature.
Public vs. Client Responsibilities - Continued
1.0 Opening Prayer by Invitation
2.0 "Its the Law - But is it Ethical"
Patent Law - Correct Statements about a product or overstated
Expert witnesses
- Objective opinion or one that is biased
3.0 "Espirit De Corps and Professional Behavior"
Panama Canal Story - Head Engineer - Goethals made the work place full of integrity - results were awesome
Must move from an industrial society to an ethical society
Engineer shoulders a special responsibility because of his education, training and experience
Lecture 26 Guest Speaker
1.0 Opening Prayer by Invitation
2.0 Special Guest
Lecture 27. Professional Responsibilities of Engineers
1.0 Opening Prayer by Invitation
2.0 - Follow up on a bunch of things
1- Personal Application Papers -
Excellent Meaningful experiences It may be well for you to make a
habit of concentrating on an Ideal on a regular basis
Anyone care to comment
2 - Star Trek Video - Subordinate takes it upon himself to "protect" the leader
What do you think?
3.0 Today’s Reading - thought provoking
"The Special Responsibility of Engineers"
Do Engineers have a responsibility that transcends that of ordinary citizens?
Claim Credit for achievements of Technology
Accept blame for technology based problems
Definition of Profession - pg. 83
Three ways special responsibility may be excersized
1. Individuals in daily practice
Ends justify means fallacy - pg. 84
2. through technical societies
Stay neutral in all issues?
3. special competence through public debate
Safe automobile design - Nader rather than engineer
"Societal Obligations in a Technical Society"
Your position of an engineer requires a repayment
Specialization in today’s society may lesson a Professional attitude
U.S. Justice Department questions legality of guidelines
Meet obligation requires technical competency and significant stature
Self Discipline on the individual
Childhood - Judeo-Christian ideals
College`- Broadening -- BYU has advantage here
Professional --
Type A - Dean Chabries Story
Type B -
Type C -
Our profession depends upon constant improvement, we must build on the legacy of others and leave a legacy for others to follow!!
Lecture 28 Review
1.0 Opening Prayer by Invitation
3.0 Review of Religion 491/492 Engineering Ethics
Values – Basis for individual ethical conduct
B. Balance, Courage, Endurance, Forgiveness, Friendship, Humility, Integrity, Loyalty, Magnanimity, Opportunity, Purity, Self Regard, Service, Tolerance, Trust, Truth, Wealth
C. Similar to Virtue Theory - Aristotle and MacIntyre
Acts are morally right when they most fully manifest or support relevant virtues, where virtues are traits of character making possible the achievement of social goods.
D. Apply an Engineering Approach Model to solve ethical problems
Professional Codes of Ethics -Technical Society Standards of Professional Conduct
Guest Speakers – Individual Examples and advise about Ethical Conduct
Case Studies – Detailed examples of Ethical Dilemmas
V. Outside Readings – Ideas to consider concerning ethical behavior
Relig 491/492 Extra Lecture 2
Responsibilities of Engineers
1.0 Opening Prayer by Invitation
2.0 - Follow up on a bunch of things
1- Closure Report
The closure report is due on the last day of class. This report is to provide you the opportunity to write about your semester’s experience with respect to your educational and life goals and plans. You should include a discussion on what you have learned, how you expect this new knowledge to benefit you both in your chosen field of service and in life in general. Explain also how this course experience fits into your plans and goals, and what responsibilities you have. As much as anything, this is a personal philosophical statement and will be evaluated according to the thought, effort, and genuineness evidenced in the paper.
2 - Man for All Seasons - Video
Not sure how the film reflected reality
High ethical value = silence?
3 - Bridge on the River Kwai - Video
Ethical not to have officers work ?
Even had sick and injured working to meet schedule
Were they aiding the enemy or assisting mankind?
Was pride a problem here?
4 - The Power of Ethical Management - Book - See Handout
5 - Portrat of a Whistle Blower - Article
Federal Whistle Blowers are compensated when judgement is given
6 - Experiences of Guests -
Elder Scott
Elder Peterson
Dean Chabries
Lee Wimmer
Walt Jones
Gems from The Power of Ethical Management - Blanchard and Peal
Ethics Checklist :
Is it Legal?
Is it Balanced?
How will it make me feel about myself?
Five Principles of Ethical Power for Individuals:
1. Purpose: I see myself as being an ethically sound person. I let my conscience be my guide. No matter what happens, I am always able to face the mirror, look myself straight in the eye, and feel good about myself.
2. Pride: I feel good about myself. I don’t need the acceptance of other people to feel important. A balanced self-esteem keeps my ego and my desire to be accepted from influencing my decisions.
3. Patience: I believe that things will eventually work out well. I don’t need everything to happen right now. I am at peace with what comes my way.
4. Persistence: I stick to my purpose, especially when it seem inconvenient to do so! My behavior is consistent with my intentions. As Churchill said, "Never! Never!, Never! Never! Give up!"
5. Perspective: I take time to enter each day quietly in a mood of reflection. This helps me to get myself focused and allows me to listen to my inner self and to see things more clearly.
Five Principles of Ethical Power for Organizations:
1. Purpose: The mission of our organization is communicated from the top. Our organization is guided by the values, hopes and a vision that helps us to determine what is acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
2. Pride: We feel proud of ourselves and of our organization. We know that when we feel this way, we can resist temptations to behave unethically.
3. Patience: We believe that holding to our ethical values will lead us to success in the long term. This involves maintaining a balance between obtaining results and caring how we achieve these results.
4. Persistence: We have a commitment to live by ethical principles. We are committed to our commitment. We make sure our actions are consistent with our purpose.
5. Perspective: Our managers and employees take time to pause and reflect, take stock of where we are, evaluate where we are going and determine how we are going to get there.